What the Debt Ceiling Crisis Means for Investors

[Alex Michalka, Ph.D](/content/blog/author/alex-michalka-ph-d/ "Posts by Alex Michalka, Ph.D"/index.html) and [Andy Rachleff](/content/blog/author/andy/ "Posts by Andy Rachleff"/index.html)

October 18, 2021

This post is accurate as of the above date. We update information in certain posts on an ongoing basis.

Some background on the debt ceiling

The debt ceiling determines how much money the US Treasury can borrow, and as a result, how much money the federal government can spend. Raising the debt ceiling allows the government to continue to borrow money. Failing to raise the debt ceiling could cause a dramatic decrease in government spending, a government shutdown, or the US government could even default on its debt.

It’s understandable that investors feel concerned right now. Headlines about the current debt ceiling crisis describe “potential financial Armageddon” and a “catastrophic” time for the United States economy if the US fails to raise the debt limit and defaults on its loans. Take this with a grain of salt, and keep in mind that news outlets have an incentive to use strong (even apocalyptic) language to get you to click. You should also remember that the US has not defaulted on its debt during any previous debt ceiling crisis, and it’s highly unlikely to happen this time around.

How long before the market recovers from a government shutdown?

Debt ceiling negotiations don’t always lead to government shutdowns, but if the debate is especially contentious, they can. Here we’ll look at market drawdowns during the three most recent government shutdowns caused by debt ceiling negotiations, and calculate how long it took for the market to recover.

When the government shuts down, financial markets react — but market declines associated with government shutdowns have historically resolved very quickly. We studied these declines and recoveries using VTSMX (a Vanguard mutual fund which tracks the performance of the US stock market). As the table below shows, during the three recent shutdowns we analyzed, it took 15 days or less for the market to recover from its maximum drawdown. In two out of the three cases, recovery took a week or less. In the 2013/2014 government shutdown, the market only took a day to recover.

Maximum drawdown and time to recovery during previous government shutdowns:

In each of the three periods we examined, government shutdowns caused short-term market declines that bounced back within days or weeks. These declines were just blips on the radar with no long-term impact on the US economy. We hope this analysis gives you some peace of mind about adding to your investments even during periods of volatility.

What happens to the market during other funding gaps

We also looked at market drawdowns and the time to recovery during other government funding gaps since 1980. These gaps were unrelated to debt ceiling negotiations, but instead were situations in which Congress hadn’t passed an appropriations bill and temporary measures expired. The table below shows the maximum drawdown during each funding gap, the number of days the market took to recover, and whether or not the government shut down.

Maximum drawdown and time to recovery during government funding gaps 1980-1995:

As you can see, most of these funding gaps didn’t cause the market to decline at all, even in cases when the government shut down. When the market did decline, the longest time to recovery was a mere 25 days and the shortest was just one day.

History tends to repeat itself

We know it’s hard to ignore the news and keep investing for the long term in uncertain times — but history has shown time and time again that it’s the right thing to do. If you study long-term trends in the US stock market (as the so-called “Wizard of Wharton” Jeremy Siegel did in his bestselling book Stocks for the Long Run) you’ll see that short-term volatility is a common occurrence, but the long-term upward trend of the market is remarkably consistent.

Despite the looming deadline to raise the debt ceiling by early December, we encourage you to stick to your investment strategy, keep making any regular deposits you would typically make, and ignore the noise. If history repeats itself, you’ll be glad you did.